Research Plastic Pollution in Water Essay Example

Research: Plastic Pollution in Water Paper Solutions to Plastic Pollution in our Oceans The Basics Were treating the oceans like a trash bin: around 80 percent of marine litter originates on land, and most of that is plastic. Plastic that pollutes our oceans and waterways has severe impacts on our environment and our economy. Seabirds, whales, sea turtles and other marine life are eating marine plastic pollution and dying from choking, intestinal blockage and starvation. Scientists are investigating the long-term impacts of toxic pollutants absorbed, transported, and consumed by fish and other marine life, including the potential effects on human health. What it means to you Plastic pollution affects every waterway, sea and ocean in the world. When we damage our water systems, were putting our own well-being at risk. This pollution also has huge costs for taxpayers and local governments that must clean this trash off of beaches and streets to protect public health, prevent flooding from trash-blocked storm drains, and avoid lost tourism revenue from filthy beaches. NRC analyzed a sunny of 95 California communities and found their total reported annual costs for preventing litter from becoming pollution is 5428 million per year. See Marcs Waste in Our Waterways: Unveiling the Hidden Costs to Californians of Litter Cleanup. Solutions The most effective way to stop plastic pollution in our oceans is to make sure it never reaches the water in the first place. We all need to do our fair share to stop plastic pollution: individuals need to recycle and never litter, but producers of single use plastic packaging need to do more too. We need producers to design packaging so that it is fully recyclable, and so there is less waste. We also need producers to help cover the costs of keeping their products out of the ocean. Http://www. 3rd. Org/oceans/plastic-ocean/ The Problem of Marine Plastic Pollution Most marine debris (80%) comes from trash and debris in urban runoff, I. E. Land-based sources. Key components of land-based sources include litter, trash and debris from construction, ports and marinas, commercial and industrial facilities, and trash blown out of garbage containers, trucks, and landfills. L Ocean-based sources, such as, overboard discharges from ships and discarded fishing gear, account for the other 20%. We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Food containers and packaging are the largest component of the municipal solid waste stream (80 lions tons or 31. 7 %). 2 These items, together with plastic bags, also represent the largest component of marine debris (that is, barring items less than mm such as pre-production plastic pellets, fragments, and polystyrene pieces). 3 Packaging and single use disposable products are not only ubiquitous in marine debris, they represent an unsustainable use of precious resources (Oil, trees, energy sources, water). The quantity Of marine debris is increasing in oceans world-wide. Researchers at the Legality Marine Research Foundation documented an increase in plastic debris in the Central Pacific Gyred five-fold between 1 997 and 2007, where the baseline in 1 997 showed plastic pieces outnumbered plankton on the ocean surface 6:1. 4 Off Japans coast, the quantity of pelagic plastic particles floating increased 10 fold in 10 years between the sass and 1 sass, and then 10 fold every 2-3 years in the sass. 5 In the Southern Ocean, plastic debris increased 100 times during the early sass. These increases in plastic debris occurred at the same time that worldwide production of plastic fibers quadrupled. In the ocean, plastic debris injures and kills fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Marine plastic elution has impacted at least 267 species worldwide, including 86% of all sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species and 43% of all marine mammal species. The impacts include fatalities as a result of ingestion, starvation, suffocation, infection, drowning, and enta nglement. 7 In 2010, a California grey whale washed up dead on the shores of the Upset Sound. Autopsies indicated that its stomach contained a pair of pants and a golf ball, more than 20 plastic bags, small towels, duct tape and surgical gloves. Seabirds that feed on the ocean surface are especially prone to ingesting plastic debris that loots. Adults feed these items to their chicks resulting in detrimental effects on chick growth and survival. 8 One study found that approximately 98% of chicks sampled contained plastic and the quantity of plastic being ingested was increasing over time. Because persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment attach to the surface of plastic debris, floating plastics in the oceans have been found to accumulate pollutants and transport them through ocean currents. 10 Floating and migrating plastic debris has also been found to transport invasive marine species. 1 1 Increasingly, research shows hat marine life that ingests plastics coated with pollutants can absorb these pollutants their bodies. Plastic debris is polluting the human fo od chain. In a 2008 Pacific Gyred voyage, Legality researchers began finding that fish are ingesting plastic fragments and debris. Of the 672 fish caught during that voyage, 35% had ingested plastic pieces. The plastics industry, through the leadership of the American Chemical Council (AC), spends millions of dollars each year to convince policy makers and Californians that solutions to plastic pollution lie in anti-litter campaigns that attribute the responsibility for urine debris on individual behavior. Yet they have devoted little funding to public education and much more on promoting policies that support increased use of plastics. While increased public education to prevent littering is important, proper management of litter fails to address the unsustainable consumption of resources involved in producing packaging and single use disposable goods. Furthermore, as the amount of disposable packaging and products continues to increase, controlling litter through public education and cleanup of streets and waterways requires significant and sustained funding. Preventing the generation of disposable products as much as possible reduces the amount of money needed for controlling and managing trash and litter. Prevention is both cost-effective and better for the environment. Http://www. Clearwater. Org/feature/problem-of-marine-plastic- pollution Plastic is literally at my fingertips all day long. Plastic keyboard. Plastic framed computer monitor. Plastic mouse. The amount of plastic encounter daily doesnt end there. Chances are, you can relate. Plastic is an epidemic. But where does all this plastic go? We ship some of it overseas to be recycled.

Nigerian Media essays

Nigerian Media essays Nigeria, following nearly 16 years of military rule, adopted a new constitution in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The president faced the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues had been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and running things by the people, for the people. Despite some irregularities, the April 2003 elections marked the first civilian transfer of power in Nigeria's history (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2004). Before the transition into the civilian regime, Nigerian media had the freedom to deliver to the public what they felt was necessary. They however did not do so because most owners of media outlets like the newspapers, radio stations and television were very careful of the kind of things they felt the public had to read, hear and see. This was due to the authoritative rule that came about as a result of the military government. The newly installed democratic government meant freedom of speech could fully be exercised and the media wasted no time in taking advantage of their right to print freely what they wanted. Nigeria is a diverse country with a population of over 130 million people and more than 250 ethnic groups. The media in Nigeria is so diverse that it is available in its three major languages (Yoruba, Ibo and Hausa) as well as English. The Nigerian media still didnt give the public what they felt was news. The media became biased, only letting the public know what they felt was news, and sometimes not the truth. People with authority such as ministers, governors, senators, and even the president, try to maintain a good relationship with the owners of big and very popular newspapers, radios, and magazines. Some went as far as having good friendships with popular local musicians. They knew that these various avenues of media were the different gateways to the pub...

Civil engineering issues Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil engineering issues - Lab Report Example However, it is associated with specific stories to global concepts, proper behavior in the corporate environment, and the inspiration of corporate geology for making of wise management decisions. The geological limits of Clarence Road comprise land dereliction, poor infrastructure, and the loss of open space and agricultural lands in Clarence Town. As an element of Master Plan 2015, the state should enhance prevailing open space conservation tools and to initiate a conservation program. These comprise a purchase of development rights program in those regions most vulnerable to development, prioritizing those lands, which are presently active in terms of agronomic production. As acknowledged in the Nutter Study, open space conservation under such a plan would not generate an economic adversity for the Town considering a growing local tax rate nor to intellectual property proprietors. Infrastructure and especially the extension of sewer lines and the escalations in traffic volumes on the present Clarence road will be a serious factor in establishing development and in guiding land usage resolutions in the future of the road and entirely in the Town of Clarence. Access to public sewers is serious to the lasting ecological health of the community. Sewer lines have stretched out comparatively slowly and have fashioned significant development impacts on the Town. According to Town of Clarence Planning and Zoning Department, growth in focus regions will and has had a correspondingly dramatic influence the service of existing roadways. The geological limits of Hunslet Riverside include the landscape of smoke nuisance. The region is home to a collection of voluntary firms servicing the public, this comprises The Hunslet Club, a youth association founded in 1940 which offers sport, dance and drama events for hundreds of young individuals in the region in addition to

Project risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project risk management - Essay Example Projects are regard the planning and execution of beneficial transform. This positive change may engage the creation of a preferred physical asset or some less physical organizational change. In either case, the quest of opportunities is an intrinsic central concern. There are various approaches used to tackle project risk management. In this paper, we analyze the key features of Performance Uncertainty Management Process (PUMP) approach. PUMPs have designed broad or specific processes facilitate its functions. One of its key features is iterative nature. Performance uncertainty management processes’ (PUMPs), designed to elucidate uncertainty, opportunity and threat in all types of organizations and projects. The importance is the strategy shaping phase of the venture lifecycle, precisely shaping the expansion of project execution and delivery approach plans. This feature allows it to do a cyclic process of the risk management (Barkley, 2004). It process iteration organization and has a plan-criterion structure comprehension. It has four broad phases that ensures the implementation of the twelve stages. A twelve plan categorization of the lifecycle offers a framework for contemplating the purpose of a PUMP at dissimilar stages in the lifecycle, when unlike performance contemplations operate. The fundamental PUMP offers a structure for uncertainty control, but the defined purpose, scope and factor of analysis done in each PUMP stage will rely upon the function context. There is no one outstanding approach for all circumstances. The essential phase of the basic Performance Uncertainty Management Process is concerning acclimatizing the basic procedure to the precise project context and lifecycle phase of instantaneous interest. The PUMP approach deals with the identification of all applicable sources of uncertainty and reaction options in a tightly coupled way; in part since unidentified reactions are a basis of vagueness. In PUMP approach, consequences or effects observed in qualitative stipulations are element of the bond between responses and sources. For instance, some sources entail potential consequences that require a useful reactive response, but others require an efficient preventative response, and others require both. Considering projects allied to a single deliverable asset or institutional change, a comprehensive description of the asset/transform lifecycle and the actions involved in each phase of the lifecycle is obtainable (Kendrick, 2009). Uncertainty around and in a project account, utilizes a 12 step nominal structure that distinguished variant features of the four essential life cycle phases of conceptualization, execution, planning and delivery also utilization of the change or asset delivered by a venture. This lifecycle supposed structure offers a structure in which indecision management can be organized in any suitable framework for fastidious contexts. An instant insinuation is that the extent and nature of th e procedure used to administer project uncertainty must be driven to areas where the lifecycle is situated, to efficiently address the questions pertinent to that stage. In conceptualization phase, the idea of the project is shaped also gateway for the project implementation is set. Shaping involve making best decisions on how to proceed with project

The Benefits of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Reading Essay Reading is the best thing we can do for ourselves. Not only does reading enrich our lives, it can also enrich the world around us. It has been stated that, â€Å"The more you read, the better you get at it; the better you get at it, the more you like it; the more you like it, the more you do it. And the more you read, the more you know; the more you know, the smarter you grow†. The benefits of reading last a lifetime. Reading well affects a person’s academic and professional success. However, it has been found that Malaysians do not read enough. Many students do not read beyond the materials of the school curriculum. With the existence of television and the advancement of computers with the internet, books have taken a backseat. The young today prefers sprouting roots in front of the television, surfing the internet or playing console games. Many perceive reading as a chore rather than pleasure. There is a need to bring back the creative culture of reading among Malaysians. Since the birth of our nation in 1957, there have been numerous campaigns held to encourage the reading habit among Malaysians because our government knows that only an educated and knowledgeable nation can climb up the ladder of success. However, campaigns launched to encourage reading are unable to achieve much as progress cannot be seen in the short time limit. Reading is the habit that has to be ingrained and inculcated from young. An environment that encourages reading needs to be created by parents in the home. Research has shown that the early years in a child’s life have the highest rates in forming and establishing the habit of reading. Habits formed at a young age will stay with them for a long time. Thus, parents and teachers should teach the young to appreciate and enjoy reading beyond their school text books. The reading time should not be turned into a task but into a pleasurable and enthralling experience. The benefits of reading are many. Reading fiction materials can transport the reader to another world and provides relaxation. It has a therapeutic effect as it stimulates the right side of the brain to the beauty and rhythm of language which has the ability to calm and relax us. Leisure reading can lead to an input of language acquisition as well as language competence. Through carefully graded and selected reading materials learners can gain a wide range of vocabulary and good expressions, thereby improving their language skills. In general, those who have more literacy in English reads more. Teachers and lecturers of higher institution of learning are appalled when students or undergraduates cannot even comprehend reading passages or communicate their thoughts. The drop in the standard of English is definitely due to lack of reading materials in English. Reading is a profitable pursuit in which we can obtain beneficial insights and knowledge. Hence, Malaysians cannot ignore the habit of reading. The habit needs to be exercised and allow to flow from a regular routine. Then, only with literate and educated citizens can our nation succeed and be raised to greater heights. After all, â€Å"A nation that reads, is a nation that succeeds. †

Nihilist Philosophy Essay -- Analysis, Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons takes place in midnineteenth century Russia. Throughout the text Turgenev explores the pros and cons of the nihilist philosophy and how nihilism, coupled with the presence of generational and class based animosities, affects the greater Russian identity. Properties of nihilism are examined and tested as the characters encounter aristocratic lifestyles and the redeeming power of love. The female characters in Fathers and Sons represent a wide range of socioeconomic positions and temperaments, these women test the thinking of the nihilists by their propensities towards emotion, order, feminism, shyness, and propriety. This exploration of gender roles and the balance of power between women and the men that they control is subject to their ascribed classes and the relationships they hold. These women fall into two major categories: the autocratic and the dependent. The aristocratic â€Å"mothers† and dependent â€Å"daughters† of Fath ers and Sons bring about the reevaluation of Bazarov and Arkady’s nihilistic beliefs and furthermore utilize their feminine qualities to manipulate the men in their lives. The aristocratic women or rather the â€Å"mothers† enjoy the benefits of wealth and high society and use their perspective abilities to influence men. These women portray three very different kinds of female roles. Arina Barzarova the selfless caretaker, Evdoksya Kukshina the independent feminist, and Anna Odintsova who is both guardian and liberal, but all maintain emotional, social, and romantic control over the men in their lives. Arina Vlasevna Bazarova, the overly emotional mother of Enyushka Bazarova, is an intensely superstitious woman who â€Å"believed in all manner of omens, soothsayings, incantations, and pr... ... destroy and reinstate the bonds of family and Russian nationalism. Turgenev explores hoe this generational divide interacts with the division among classes and how the powers of the aristocracy affects the younger generation and feminine identity. Throught these interactions the power of love as redemption is seen in the relationship between Arkady and Katya as well as Anna and Bazarov. The women in Fathers and Sons symbolize the diversity found within the same class and generational margins these women challenge the men they encounter and cease power over their relationships. The struggle for power, between the sexes is dependent upon the roles and social standings of the perspective character. The female characters whether aristocratic or dependent, â€Å"mothers† or â€Å"daughters† find power in their gender and utilize their womanly intellect to find eventual resolve.

Principles of Economics

Paper Individual decision making is either you do, or you do not. Most people are rational beings basing their decisions on a formula, benefits versus cost. Are the benefits of buying a $1000 television worth it? Are the marginal benefits worth the marginal cost? Just this morning, I was faced with such a scenario. I was invited over to a friend’s house to try a new video game. I did not go, however, because I knew that I had to read several chapters for my class and write a paper.The benefits were that I would have some time to hang out with my friends and enjoy some much needed free time. The cost would’ve been that I could have not gotten all of my reading done and possibly been late on my assignment. My rational thought was that I would spend the day doing my reading and assignment and then get some free time later. Taking care of my responsibilities now would allow me to enjoy my free time later knowing that I had everything else, which was important, finished. Rat ionally, I would not have made a different decision.Economists have created an economic model that almost all businesses, government policy makers and entrepreneurs base their decisions on. Using these models, these people make their decisions based on how that decision will affect the economy. These models are for by economists based on analyses which are composed of: a hypothesis, assumptions, and simplifying. Analyses are done between consumers and businesses and how the two interact with each other. Will consumers buy certain products from these businesses?This analysis also includes assumptions that consumers will buy products to maximize their own profits. These assumptions are somewhat simplified and are not always accurate or do not apply to all consumers. This goes back to the first of the three economic ideas: people are rational. Each economy has three problems to solve: 1. What will be produced? 2. How will the goods and services be produced? 3. Who will receive those go ods and services? There are two main ways for each society to organize their economies: centrally planned economy and market economy.Centrally planned economies are of a lower caliber quality, because the government decides who, what, and how products will be handled. This however does not meet the consumers wants, only the needs. Market economies are quite different from centrally planned. Market economies base their who, what, and how answers on the consumers. This gives the consumers more choice and power on their buying habits. In a market economy, products will tend to have higher quality and higher probability of satisfying the consumers.This does, however, target the more willing and capable buyers. There is a third economic system that was brought about in the nineteenth century: a mixed economy. This mixed economy is a combination of both centrally planned and market economies. This allows for the answers to â€Å"who, what, and how? † to be decided by consumers but in which the government has a significant role in the allocation of resources. Simply explained, social interactions change from one economic system to another.A centrally planned economy restricts free will as far as the questions who, what, and how. Perhaps leaving the society a little less satiated. A market economy will allow for higher paying jobs, better quality products, but targets only a certain demographic. A mixed economy attempts to combine both systems and allow for high quality products, high paying jobs for skilled workers, and allow products to be distributed to all demographics.Resources Hubbard, R. G. , & O'Brien, A. P. (2010). Economics. Principles of Economics Paper Individual decision making is either you do, or you do not. Most people are rational beings basing their decisions on a formula, benefits versus cost. Are the benefits of buying a $1000 television worth it? Are the marginal benefits worth the marginal cost? Just this morning, I was faced with such a scenario. I was invited over to a friend’s house to try a new video game. I did not go, however, because I knew that I had to read several chapters for my class and write a paper.The benefits were that I would have some time to hang out with my friends and enjoy some much needed free time. The cost would’ve been that I could have not gotten all of my reading done and possibly been late on my assignment. My rational thought was that I would spend the day doing my reading and assignment and then get some free time later. Taking care of my responsibilities now would allow me to enjoy my free time later knowing that I had everything else, which was important, finished. Rat ionally, I would not have made a different decision.Economists have created an economic model that almost all businesses, government policy makers and entrepreneurs base their decisions on. Using these models, these people make their decisions based on how that decision will affect the economy. These models are for by economists based on analyses which are composed of: a hypothesis, assumptions, and simplifying. Analyses are done between consumers and businesses and how the two interact with each other. Will consumers buy certain products from these businesses?This analysis also includes assumptions that consumers will buy products to maximize their own profits. These assumptions are somewhat simplified and are not always accurate or do not apply to all consumers. This goes back to the first of the three economic ideas: people are rational. Each economy has three problems to solve: 1. What will be produced? 2. How will the goods and services be produced? 3. Who will receive those go ods and services? There are two main ways for each society to organize their economies: centrally planned economy and market economy.Centrally planned economies are of a lower caliber quality, because the government decides who, what, and how products will be handled. This however does not meet the consumers wants, only the needs. Market economies are quite different from centrally planned. Market economies base their who, what, and how answers on the consumers. This gives the consumers more choice and power on their buying habits. In a market economy, products will tend to have higher quality and higher probability of satisfying the consumers.This does, however, target the more willing and capable buyers. There is a third economic system that was brought about in the nineteenth century: a mixed economy. This mixed economy is a combination of both centrally planned and market economies. This allows for the answers to â€Å"who, what, and how? † to be decided by consumers but in which the government has a significant role in the allocation of resources. Simply explained, social interactions change from one economic system to another.A centrally planned economy restricts free will as far as the questions who, what, and how. Perhaps leaving the society a little less satiated. A market economy will allow for higher paying jobs, better quality products, but targets only a certain demographic. A mixed economy attempts to combine both systems and allow for high quality products, high paying jobs for skilled workers, and allow products to be distributed to all demographics.Resources Hubbard, R. G. , & O'Brien, A. P. (2010). Economics.